(ed.) The Herbaceous Layer in Forests of Eastern North America (Oxford Univ. ![]() Forest canopies: methods, hypotheses, and future directions. This will be a crucial element in delivering much-needed information for policymakers and managers to adapt European forests to future no-analogue conditions. As recent European droughts are unprecedented in the past two millennia, and this has initiated probably the largest pulse of forest disturbances in almost two centuries, we urgently need to quantify, understand and predict the impacts of novel light regimes on below-canopy forest biodiversity and functions. Altered light regimes, in interaction with other global change drivers, can thus strongly impact forest biodiversity and functioning. The majority of forest biodiversity occurs in the shade within and below tree canopies, and numerous ecosystem processes are regulated at the forest floor. ![]() ![]() These disturbances are opening the canopy and exposing below-canopy biodiversity and functioning to novel light regimes-spatial and temporal characteristics of light distribution at forest floors not found previously. Canopy disturbances are now increasing across European forests, and climate-change-induced drought is a key driver, together with pests and pathogens, storms and fire. Tree canopies are one of the most recognizable features of forests, providing shelter from external influences to a myriad of species that live within and below the tree foliage.
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